Doctor explains Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) | Causes, symptoms, treatment & more

In this video, I delve into a crucial topic that affects many families: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL). This fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow can be overwhelming to understand, but I aim to break it down into manageable pieces. By the end of this article, you’ll have a clearer picture of what ALL is, its symptoms, causes, treatments, and the outlook for those diagnosed with this condition.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia is a rare but aggressive form of cancer that primarily affects the blood and bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. It specifically targets a type of white blood cell known as lymphocytes, which play a vital role in our immune system. In ALL, the bone marrow produces an excess of immature lymphocytes called lymphoblasts. These cells do not mature properly and crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to various health issues.

While ALL can affect anyone, it is most commonly diagnosed in young children under the age of five and adults over 50. Understanding the different types of ALL is essential. The two main types are B-cell ALL, which accounts for 75-80% of cases, and T-cell ALL, which affects T-lymphocytes. There is also a rare form known as natural killer cell ALL.

So, what causes ALL? The exact cause remains largely unknown, but genetic mutations play a significant role. These mutations can occur before birth, during childhood, or later in life. Certain risk factors have been identified, including exposure to radiation, harmful chemicals, and specific viral infections like the Epstein-Barr virus. Additionally, individuals with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Fanconi anemia, are at a higher risk.

Recognizing the symptoms of ALL is crucial for early diagnosis. Symptoms can appear suddenly and may include extreme fatigue, paleness, easy bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, and swollen lymph nodes. Other signs to watch for are bone or joint pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and shortness of breath. If you or someone you know experiences these symptoms for more than two weeks, it’s essential to seek medical advice.

Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination and a complete blood count (CBC) to assess blood cell levels. If abnormalities are detected, further tests may be conducted, including a bone marrow biopsy and possibly a lumbar puncture to check for cancer spread. Genetic tests help classify the subtype of ALL, which is vital for tailoring treatment.

When it comes to treatment, the approach is often multi-faceted and personalized. The primary goal is to achieve complete remission, meaning no signs of cancer remain. Most patients undergo chemotherapy, which is administered in phases over several months or even years. The treatment process includes remission induction therapy, central nervous system-directed therapy, consolidation therapy, and maintenance therapy. Some patients may also benefit from targeted therapies or stem cell transplants, especially if they have high-risk or relapsed ALL.

The prognosis for ALL has improved significantly, particularly for children. More than 90% of children under 14 survive at least five years post-diagnosis, while survival rates for teenagers and adults vary. It’s important to remember that long-term follow-up care is essential, as ALL can become a chronic condition requiring ongoing management.

Living with ALL can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. Support groups and survivorship programs can provide invaluable assistance, helping individuals cope with the fear of relapse and the long-term effects of treatment. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle—quitting smoking, eating well, and staying active—can also make a significant difference in overall well-being.

I understand that this topic can evoke a range of emotions, and I encourage anyone affected by ALL to seek mental health support if needed. It’s vital to have open conversations with healthcare providers about any concerns or questions you may have regarding treatment options and lifestyle changes.

For more information on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia, please check the description box for links to trusted resources. Remember, knowledge is power, and understanding this condition can help you or your loved ones navigate the journey ahead. Thank you for watching, and I hope you find the information in this video helpful.